L31A
         Introduction of Material Analysis
         Surface Analysis
         Auger Electron Spectroscopy

L31B
        X-ray Photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)
        XPS and valence
        Comparison of Surface Analysis
        Scanning Electron Microscope -SEM

L31C
        Transmission electron microscope (TEM)
        Image vs. Diffraction pattern
        Bright field vs. dark field images
        Scanning tunneling microscopy

L31D
        Scanning tunneling microscopy
        Atomic force microscopy